§ 471. Effective date

• (a) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, this chapter shall take effect on October 1, 1997 .
• (b) Sections 411(d), 412(c), 413(c), 414(c), 415(c), 416(c), 421(d), 425(d), 431(c), 431(d), 452(a), and 454(a) shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act. 1 1 See References in Text note below.